Oncology
Symptoms
Cancer symptoms can vary depending on the type and stage of cancer, but common signs may include unexplained weight loss, fatigue, pain, changes in the skin or moles, persistent coughing or hoarseness, changes in bowel or urinary habits, lumps or swelling, and bleeding or discharge. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment.
Treatment
Cancer treatment typically involves a combination of methods, depending on the cancer type, stage, and location. Common treatments include:
- Surgery: Removing tumors or affected tissue.
- Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.
- Radiation Therapy: Using high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy: Boosting the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
- Targeted Therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific cancer cells without harming normal cells.
- Hormone Therapy: Blocking or reducing hormones that fuel certain cancers.
Causes
Cancer can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, environmental exposures (like tobacco smoke, radiation, and chemicals), lifestyle factors (such as diet and lack of physical activity), infections (like HPV or hepatitis), and inherited genetic factors.
Prevention
Preventive oncology focuses on reducing cancer risk and detecting it early through:
- Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol use.
- Vaccinations: Vaccines such as the HPV vaccine can help prevent cancers linked to viral infections.
- Regular Screenings: Early detection through screenings like mammograms, colonoscopies, and Pap smears can catch cancers in their earliest, most treatable stages.
- Genetic Testing: For individuals with a family history of certain cancers, genetic testing can help assess risk and guide preventive strategies.
Preventive oncology aims to reduce cancer incidence and improve early detection, enhancing treatment effectiveness and survival rates.